reading comprehension

　　question 1-10

　　the agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things： the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. “in europe， said thomas jefferson， “the object is to make the most of their land， labor being abundant： here it is to make the most of our labor， land being abundant. it was in the united states， therefore， that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.

　　at the opening of the century， with the exception of a crude plow， farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs; by 1860， most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. the most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. as early as 1790 charles newbold of new jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. the farmers， however， were not interested in it， claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. nevertheless， many people devoted their attention to the plow， until in 1869 james oliver of south bend， indiana， turned out the first chilled-steel plow.

　　1.what is the main topic of the passage？

　　the need for agricultural advances to help feed a growing population

　　the development of safer machines demanded by the labor movement

　　machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution

　　new jersey as a leader in the agricultural revolution

　　2.the word “naturally“ in line 3 is closest in meaning to

　　unsurprisingly

　　gradually

　　apparently

　　safely

　　3. the expression “make the most of“ in line 4 is closest in meaning to

　　get the best yield from

　　raise the price of

　　exaggerate the worth of

　　earn a living on

　　4. which of the following can be inferred from what thomas jefferson said ？

　　europe was changing more quickly than the united states.

　　europe had greater need of farm machinery than the united states did.

　　the united states was finally running out of good farmland.

　　there was a shortage of workers on united states farms.

　　5.the word “here“ in line 4 refers to

　　europe

　　united states

　　new jersey

　　indiana

　　6. what point is the author making by stating that farmers could carry nearly all their tools on

　　their backs.

　　farmers had few tools before the agricultural revolution.

　　people in the united states were traditionally self-reliant.

　　life on the farm was extremely difficult.

　　new tools were designed to be portable.

　　7. when was the iron plow invented？

　　in 1790.

　　in the early 1800 s.

　　in 1869.

　　in the early 1900 s.

　　8. according to the passage， which of the following statements about charles newbold is true？

　　he was james oliver s assistant.

　　he was born in europe.

　　he was opposed to scientific agriculture.

　　he spent his own money to promote his invention.

　　9. the word “it“ in line 12 refers to

　　scientific agriculture

　　james oliver s invention

　　the cast-iron plow

　　charles newbold s fortune

　　10. why did farmers reject newbold s plow？

　　their horses were frightened by it.