照應(Reference)指用代詞等語法手段表示的語義關系。英語中的照應分為3類：人稱照應、指示照應和比較照應。其中較難的是分句照應(ClausalReference)。分句照應指的是某些詞語的所指對象不是詞或者短語，而是分句、句子、句子組合，甚至一個完整的語篇。可以用做分句照應的詞語分為以下3類。

　　(1)here，it，this等詞匯既可用于前照應，又可用于后照應。

　　(2)that，(the)above，theforegoing等只用于前照應。

　　(3)as follows，thefollowing，below，thus等僅用于后照應。

　　這一語言現象常常是命題點。

　　Example:

　　It looks as if itcame straight from the set of Star Wars. It has four-wheel drive and rises aboverocky surfaces. It lowers and raises its nose when going up and down hills. Andwhen it comes to a river， it turns amphibious: two hydrojets power it along byblasting water under its body. There is room for two passengers and a driver，who sit inside a glass bubble operating electronic， aircraft-type controls. Avehicle so daring on land and water needs windscreen wipers—but it doesn’t haveany. Water molecules are disintegrated on the screen’s surface by ultrasonicsensors.

　　01. That sex ratio will befavored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have andhence the number of gene copiestransmitted.

　　那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個個體所能擁有的后代數量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復制品的數量。

　　02.（This is） A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give awayabruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider anovelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture ofa flower.

　　（這是一種）照亮現實的欲望，此欲望從來就不會唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個兼任小說加和科學家的人想要去準確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結構和文理的那種意義上的欲望。考試就到

　　03.Hardy‘s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings andgoings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate andsustain the energetic and riskyones.

　　哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無能，無法控制好那結不盡相同的創作沖動的穿梭往來；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養和維持那些富于生機活力和風險性強的創作沖動。